1 Maccabees 6 — GNB — Biblija.net

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ As King Antiochus the Fourth was passing through Mesopotamia, he heard of a city in Persia, named Elymais, which was famous for its riches in silver and gold. ² The temple was very rich, containing gold shields, armor, and weapons left there by Alexander, son of King Philip of Macedonia, who was the first to rule the Greek Empire. ³ Antiochus came and tried to take the city and loot it, but he didn't succeed, because the citizens had learned what he was planning to do, ⁴ and they drew up their troops to resist him. In great frustration he withdrew to return to Babylonia. ⁵ In Persia a messenger reached him with the news that the armies he had sent into Judea had been defeated. ⁶ Lysias and his strong army had been forced to flee from the Jews, who were now reinforced by the additional weapons, supplies, and loot they had taken from the defeated armies. ⁷ The Jews had pulled down the thing they called “The Awful Horror” that Antiochus had built on the altar in Jerusalem. They had also surrounded the Temple with high walls, as it had been before, and had taken and fortified the town of Bethzur, one of the king's own towns. ⁸ When the king heard this report, he was so dumbfounded and terribly shaken that he went to bed in a fit of deep depression because things had not turned out as he had hoped. ⁹ He remained ill for a long time, as waves of despair swept over him, until he finally realized that he was going to die. ¹⁰ He called together all those to whom he had given the title “Friends of the King” and said to them, “I cannot sleep, and my heart is broken with grief and worry.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ At first I asked myself why these great waves of trouble were sweeping over me, since I have been kind and well-liked during my reign. ¹² But then I remembered the wrongs I did in Jerusalem when I took all the silver and gold objects from the Temple and tried without any good reason to destroy the inhabitants of Judea. ¹³ I know this is why all these terrible things have happened to me and I am about to die in deep despair here in this foreign land.” ¹⁴ Then he called Philip, one of his most trusted advisers, and put him in charge of his whole empire. ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ He gave him his crown, robe, and official ring, and authorized him to educate his son Antiochus the Fifth and bring him up to be king. ¹⁶ King Antiochus died there in the year 149. ¹⁷ When Lysias learned that the king had died, he made the young Antiochus king in place of his father. He had brought up Antiochus from childhood and now gave him the name Eupator.

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ Meanwhile, the enemies in the fort at Jerusalem had been blockading the people of Israel in the area around the Temple, constantly causing them trouble and giving support to the Gentiles. ¹⁹ So Judas decided to get rid of them and called all the people together to besiege the fort.

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ The people assembled and laid siege to the fort in the year 150. They built siege platforms and battering rams. ²¹ But some of the men under siege escaped, and together with some of the renegade Jews, they went to the king and said,

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² “How long are you going to wait before you take revenge for what was done to our countrymen?

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ We were willing to serve your father, follow his orders, and obey his decrees.

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ But what good did it do us? Now our own countrymen have become our enemies. In fact, they have killed as many of us as they could find and have stolen our possessions.

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ But we are not the only ones they have harmed; they have attacked all their neighbors. ²⁶ And now they have laid siege to the fort in Jerusalem and are planning to take it. They have also fortified the Temple and Bethzur. ²⁷ Unless you act immediately, they will do even more, and you will not be able to stop them.” ²⁸ When the king heard this, he was furious. He brought together all the army commanders, the cavalry officers, and his most trusted advisers. ²⁹ He also hired mercenary soldiers from other countries and from the Greek islands. ³⁰ His forces numbered 100,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry, and 32 elephants trained for war. ³¹ The king and his army passed through Idumea and laid siege to Bethzur, where they fought for a long time. They built battering rams and siege platforms, but the defenders fought bravely and came out of the town and burned down the platforms.

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² Then Judas withdrew his troops from the fort in Jerusalem and set up his camp at Beth Zechariah, blocking the advance of the king's army. ³³ Early the next morning, the king rapidly moved his army along the road to Beth Zechariah, where his troops took up battle positions and blew trumpets. ³⁴ They got the elephants ready for battle by showing them grape juice and mulberry juice. ³⁵ The huge animals were distributed among the infantry units. A thousand men, protected by chain armor and bronze helmets, were stationed with each elephant. Each animal was also accompanied by a special force of 500 cavalry, ³⁶ which always remained with the elephant.

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ A strong, protected wooden platform was securely fastened by a special harness to the back of each elephant. Three soldiers rode on each animal, in addition to the elephant driver.

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ Lysias placed the rest of the cavalry on the two flanks of the army where they could be protected by the infantry while harassing the enemy.

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ The sunlight, reflected off the bronze and gold shields, shone on the mountains and flashed like burning torches. ⁴⁰ Part of the king's army was spread out over the higher ground of the mountain slopes and part over the lower land, but they all moved forward steadily and in good order. ⁴¹ All the people were terrified when they heard the noise made by the clashing of weapons and the marching of that great and powerful army. ⁴² Judas and his army advanced into battle, and immediately killed 600 of the king's army. ⁴³ When Eleazar Avaran saw that one of the elephants was larger than the others and that it was covered with royal armor, he thought that the king was riding on it. ⁴⁴ Eleazar sacrificed his life to save his people and to gain eternal fame. ⁴⁵ He ran boldly toward the elephant, which was in the middle of a battalion of infantry. He rushed forward killing men to the right and left, so that the enemy soldiers fell back before him on both sides. ⁴⁶ He slipped in under the elephant and stabbed it to death, and it fell on him and killed him. ⁴⁷ But when the Jews realized how strong the royal army was and how determined it was to fight, they retreated. ⁴⁸ The king and his army advanced to fight the Jews at Jerusalem and laid siege to the whole of Judea and Jerusalem. ⁴⁹ He made peace with the Jews of Bethzur, who then left the town. There had not been enough food in the town for them to withstand the siege because it was the sabbatical year, when no crops were planted. ⁵⁰ The king occupied Bethzur and stationed a body of troops there to guard it. ⁵¹ Then he surrounded the Temple and besieged it for a long time. He set up siege platforms, battering rams, catapults for throwing fire and stones, and other weapons to throw spears and rocks. ^* ⁵² The defenders also made war machines to oppose those of the enemy, and so the battle went on for a long time. ⁵³ But there was no food left in the Temple storage bins because it was the sabbatical year, and the people who had fled from the Gentiles and taken refuge in Judea had eaten all the food that had been stored there.

Jonathan Supports Antiochus the Sixth

⁵⁴ The shortage of food had been so severe that many people had scattered to their homes, and only a few men were left in the Temple. ⁵⁵ Meanwhile, Philip, who had been appointed by King Antiochus before his death to educate his son to be king, ⁵⁶ returned from Persia and Media. He had come back with the royal army and planned to take control of the government. When Lysias heard this news, ⁵⁷ he made rapid preparations to depart. He said to the young king, to his officers, and to his men, “We are growing weaker each day; we are short of provisions, and this place we are besieging is strong. Besides, there are pressing government affairs which need our attention. ⁵⁸ So now let's arrange a truce and make a peace treaty with the Jews and their whole nation. ⁵⁹ We will allow them to follow their own laws and customs as they did before. All this trouble started when we provoked them by abolishing their laws and customs.” ⁶⁰ This recommendation was well received by the king and the officers, so Lysias proposed peace terms to the Jews, and they accepted them. ⁶¹ When the king and his officers solemnly agreed to abide by these terms, the Jews came out of their fortress. ⁶² But when the king entered the Temple area on Mount Zion and saw the strong fortifications, he broke his word and ordered the walls surrounding the Temple to be torn down. ⁶³ Then he hurriedly left and returned to Antioch, where he found Philip in control of the city. The king attacked the city and took it by force.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ In the year 151, Demetrius son of Seleucus left Rome and with a few men landed at a town on the Mediterranean coast, where he proclaimed himself king. ² As he was making his way to the royal palace of his ancestors, the soldiers arrested Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias, planning to take them to Demetrius. ³ When Demetrius heard about it, he said, “I don't want to see them.” ⁴ So the soldiers killed them, and Demetrius took the throne. ⁵ Then all the godless traitorous Jews led by Alcimus, who wanted to be High Priest, went to Demetrius. ⁶ They brought accusations against the other Jews and said, “Judas and his brothers have killed everybody who supported you, and they have driven us out of our country. ⁷ We advise you to send someone whom you can trust to go and inspect all the damage done to our property and the king's territory and to punish Judas, his brothers, and all who support them.” ⁸ King Demetrius chose one of his advisers, a man by the name of Bacchides, who was the governor of Greater Syria. He was an important man in the empire and loyal to the king. ⁹ He was sent along with the godless Alcimus, whom the king had appointed High Priest; Alcimus had orders to take revenge on the Jews. ¹⁰ They left Antioch and arrived in Judea with a large army. Bacchides tried to trick Judas and his brothers by sending to them messengers with offers of peace.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ But when Judas and his brothers saw what a large army they had brought, they did not believe what the messengers said. ¹² A group of teachers of the Law came to Alcimus and Bacchides, asking for justice. ¹³ These devout and patriotic men were the first of the Jews to try to make peace with Alcimus and Bacchides. ¹⁴ They trusted Alcimus, who was a priest descended from Aaron, and they thought he would not cause them any harm. ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ Alcimus assured them of his peaceful intentions and solemnly promised that no harm would come to them or their friends. ¹⁶ But as soon as they began to trust him, he arrested 60 of them and put them all to death on the same day. As the scripture says,
¹⁷ “The blood of your faithful people was poured out,
their bodies were scattered around Jerusalem,
and there was no one left to bury the dead.”

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ When this happened, all the people were afraid of Alcimus and Bacchides, and they said, “They don't know what truth or justice means. They gave their solemn word and then broke it!” ¹⁹ Bacchides left Jerusalem and set up his headquarters at Beth Zaith. He ordered the arrest of some of the faithful Jews and even many of the renegades who had willingly joined him; he had them killed and thrown into a deep pit.

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ Bacchides put the country under the control of Alcimus, left troops there to help him, and returned to the king. ²¹ Alcimus then began his struggle to establish himself as High Priest.

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² Every troublemaker in the country joined him. They gained control of the land of Judea and caused great difficulties for the Jews.

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ Judas saw that the trouble Alcimus and his men had caused was even worse than the damage done by the Gentiles.

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ So he went around the whole country of Judea taking revenge on all the men who had willingly joined Alcimus and preventing them from leaving the towns and going into the country.

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ When Alcimus saw that Judas and his men were growing more powerful and when he realized that he would not be able to stand against them, he returned to the king and accused them of great crimes. ²⁶ Then the king sent Nicanor, one of his most honored officers, who hated the Jews, with orders to exterminate them. ²⁷ Nicanor came to Jerusalem with a big army. He tried to trick Judas and his brothers by sending peace offers. He said, ²⁸ “There need not be any quarrel between you and me. I will come to you with a small escort for a friendly private conversation.” ²⁹ When he came to Judas, they exchanged polite greetings, but Judas' enemies were ready to kidnap him. ³⁰ When Judas learned that Nicanor's visit was part of a plot against him, he was afraid and decided not to meet him again. ³¹ Nicanor realized that his plan had been discovered, so he left Jerusalem to meet Judas in battle near Capharsalama.

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² About 500 of Nicanor's men were killed, and the rest of the army escaped to the fort in Jerusalem. ³³ Some time later Nicanor went to Mount Zion. Some of the priests left the Temple and, along with some of the leaders of the people, went to welcome him with words of peace and to show him the burnt offering that was being sacrificed on behalf of the king. ³⁴ But he ridiculed them and made them ceremonially unclean by spitting on them. He spoke proudly ³⁵ and angrily threatened them with an oath, “Unless Judas and his army are surrendered to me immediately, I will burn this Temple down as soon as I return after my victory.” And he left in a rage. ³⁶ The priests went into the courtyard and stood facing the altar and the Temple. They started weeping and prayed,

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ “Lord, you chose this Temple to bear your name and to be a place of prayer and intercession for your people.

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ Now, take vengeance on this man and his army; let them die in battle. Remember how they spoke evil of you, and let none of them survive.”

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ Nicanor left Jerusalem and set up his headquarters at Beth Horon, where the Syrian army joined him. ⁴⁰ Meanwhile, Judas set up camp at Adasa with 3,000 men. There Judas prayed, ⁴¹ “Lord, the Scriptures tell us that when a king sent messengers to insult you, your angel went out and killed 185,000 of his soldiers. ⁴² Now, in the same way, crush this army before us today and let everyone know that Nicanor is being punished because he insulted your holy Temple. Punish him as his wickedness deserves.” ⁴³ The armies met in battle on the thirteenth day of the month of Adar, and Nicanor's army was defeated. Nicanor himself was the first to be killed in the battle, ⁴⁴ and when his soldiers saw that he was dead, they threw down their weapons and fled. ⁴⁵ The Jews pursued them all day long from Adasa to Gezer. As they followed, they kept sounding the call to battle on the trumpets, ⁴⁶ and from all the surrounding villages of Judea people came out and attacked the fleeing enemy from the sides. This forced them back toward the Jews who were chasing them, and all of the enemy were killed in the fight. Not one of them survived. ⁴⁷ The Jews took the loot and then cut off Nicanor's head and his right arm, which he had extended so arrogantly. They brought his head and his arm to be put on display outside Jerusalem. ⁴⁸ There was great rejoicing among the Jews. They set that day aside as a special day of celebration, ⁴⁹ and decreed that the thirteenth day of Adar should be observed as an annual day of celebration. ⁵⁰ There was peace in the land of Judea for a little while.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ Judas had heard about the Romans and their reputation as a military power. He knew that they welcomed all those who joined them as allies and that those who came to them could be sure of the friendship of Rome. ² People had told him about the wars the Romans had fought and their heroic acts among the Gauls, whom they had conquered and forced to pay taxes. ³ He had been told what they had done in Spain when they captured the silver mines and the gold mines there. ⁴ By careful planning and persistence, they had conquered the whole country, even though it was far from Rome. They had overcome the kings from distant lands who had fought against them; they had defeated them so badly that the survivors had to pay annual taxes. ⁵ They had fought and conquered Philip and Perseus, kings of Macedonia, and all who had joined them against Rome. ⁶ They had even defeated Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, who had attacked them with 120 elephants, cavalry, chariots, and a powerful army. ⁷ They took him alive and forced him and his successors to pay heavy taxes, to give hostages, and to surrender ⁸ India, Media, Lydia, and some of their best lands. They took these and gave them to King Eumenes. ⁹ When the Greeks made plans to attack and destroy them, ¹⁰ the Romans learned of the plans and sent a general to fight against them. The Romans killed many of the Greeks, took their wives and children captive, plundered their possessions, occupied their land, tore down their fortresses, and made them slaves, as they are today.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ They also destroyed or made slaves of other kingdoms, the islands, and everyone who had ever fought against them. ¹² But they maintained their friendship with their allies and those who relied on them for protection. They conquered kings near and far, and everyone who heard of their reputation was afraid of them. ¹³ They helped some men to become kings, while they deposed others; they had become a world power. ¹⁴ In spite of all this, no Roman ever tried to advance his own position by wearing a crown or putting on royal robes. ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ They created a senate, and each day 320 senators came together to deliberate about the affairs of the people and their well-being. ¹⁶ Each year they entrusted to one man the responsibility of governing them and controlling their whole territory. Everyone obeyed this one man, and there was no envy or jealousy among them. ¹⁷ Judas chose Eupolemus, the son of John and grandson of Accos, and Jason son of Eleazar and sent them to Rome to make a treaty of friendship and alliance with the Romans.

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ He did this to eliminate Syrian oppression, since the Jews clearly saw that they were being reduced to slavery. ¹⁹ After a long and difficult journey, Eupolemus and Jason reached Rome and entered the Senate. They addressed the assembly in these terms:

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ “Judas Maccabeus, his brothers, and the Jewish people have sent us here to make a mutual defense treaty with you, so that we may be officially recorded as your friends and allies.” ²¹ The Romans accepted the proposal,

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² and what follows is a copy of the letter which was engraved on bronze tablets and sent to Jerusalem to remain there as a record of the treaty:

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ “May things go well forever for the Romans and for the Jewish nation on land and sea! May they never have enemies, and may they never go to war!

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ But if war is declared first against Rome or any of her allies anywhere,

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ the Jewish nation will come to her aid with wholehearted support, as the situation may require. ²⁶ And to those at war with her, the Jews shall not give or supply food, arms, money, or ships, as was agreed in Rome. The Jews must carry out their obligations without receiving anything in return. ²⁷ “In the same way, if war is declared first against the Jewish nation, the Romans will come to their aid with hearty support, as the situation may require. ²⁸ And to their enemies there shall not be given or supplied food, arms, money, or ships, as was agreed in Rome. The Romans must carry out their obligations without deception. ²⁹ “These are the terms of the treaty that the Romans have made with the Jewish people. ³⁰ But if, in the future, both parties shall agree to add or remove anything, they shall act on their decision, and whatever they add or remove shall be valid. ³¹ “Furthermore, concerning the wrongs which King Demetrius is doing against the Jews, we have written him as follows, ‘Why have you treated our friends and allies, the Jews, so harshly?

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² If they complain to us about you one more time, we will support their cause and go to war against you on land and sea.’”

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ When Demetrius heard that Nicanor and his army had been annihilated, he again sent Bacchides and Alcimus to the land of Judea, this time with the Syrian wing of the army. ² They moved along Gilgal Road, laid siege to Mesaloth in Arbela, captured it, and killed many people. ³ In the first month of the year 152, they set up camp opposite Jerusalem. ⁴ From there they marched to Berea with 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. ⁵ Judas had camped at Elasa, with 3,000 experienced soldiers. ⁶ But when they saw the enormous size of the enemy army, they were terrified. So many men deserted that only 800 Jewish soldiers were left. ⁷ When Judas saw that his army was dwindling away and that the battle was about to begin, he was worried because there was not enough time to bring his army together. ⁸ He was discouraged, but he said to those who were still with him, “Let's prepare for the attack; maybe we can still defeat them.” ⁹ His men tried to talk him out of it. “We are not strong enough,” they said. “Let's retreat now and save our lives. Then we can return with reinforcements and fight the enemy. We don't have enough men now.” ¹⁰ Judas replied, “Never let it be said that I ran from a battle. If our time has come, let's die bravely for our fellow Jews and not leave any stain on our honor.”

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ The Syrian army came out of the camp and took up battle positions against the Jews. The cavalry was divided into two parts. The shock troops were in the front lines, but the archers and those who used slings went ahead of the main formation. ¹² Bacchides took his position on the right. The infantry advanced, protected on both sides by the cavalry, and the war trumpets were blown. The soldiers of Judas also sounded their trumpets. ¹³ The ground shook from the noise when the two armies met, and they fought from morning until evening. ¹⁴ When Judas saw that Bacchides and the main force of the Syrian army was on the right, all his bravest men joined him, ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ and they crushed the Syrians' right wing. They pursued them as far as the foothills. ¹⁶ But when the Syrians on the left wing saw that their right wing had been crushed, they turned to attack Judas and his men from the rear. ¹⁷ The fighting became very fierce, and many on both sides were killed.

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ Finally Judas himself was killed. Then all his men fled. ¹⁹ Jonathan and Simon took their brother's body and buried it in the family tomb at Modein,

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ and there at the tomb they wept for him. All Israel mourned for him in great sorrow for many days. They said, ²¹ “It can't be! The mighty hero and savior of Israel has been killed!”

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² The other deeds of Judas, his battles, his courageous deeds, and his great accomplishments, were too many to write down.

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ After the death of Judas, the lawless traitors began to reappear everywhere in Judea, and all the wicked people returned.

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ Also at that time there was a severe famine, and the whole country went over to the side of the renegades.

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ Bacchides deliberately appointed some renegade Jews as rulers over the country. ²⁶ These men hunted down the friends of Judas and brought them all before Bacchides, and he subjected them to torture and humiliation. ²⁷ It was a time of great trouble for Israel, worse than anything that had happened to them since the time prophets ceased to appear among them. ²⁸ Then all the friends of Judas came together and said to Jonathan, ²⁹ “Since your brother Judas died, there has been no one like him to lead us against our enemies, against Bacchides and those of our own nation who oppose us. ³⁰ So today we choose you to succeed him as our ruler and commander to carry on our war.” ³¹ Jonathan accepted the leadership that day and took the place of his brother Judas.

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² When Bacchides learned of this, he made up his mind to kill Jonathan. ³³ But when this news reached Jonathan, he fled, with his brother Simon and their men, to the wilderness of Tekoa and set up camp at the pool of Asphar. ( ³⁴ Bacchides learned about this on the Sabbath and crossed the Jordan with his whole army.) ³⁵ Jonathan sent his brother John, who was responsible for the soldiers' families, to ask the Nabateans, with whom he was on friendly terms, for permission to store with them the large amount of baggage they had. ³⁶ But the Jambrites of Medeba attacked John, took him captive, and carried off all the baggage.

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ Some time later Jonathan and his brother Simon learned that the Jambrites were about to celebrate an important wedding and that there would be a bridal procession from the town of Nadabath. The bride was the daughter of one of the great princes of Canaan.

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ Jonathan and Simon had wanted revenge for the death of their brother John, so they and their men went up on one of the mountains and hid.

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ They kept watch and saw a noisy crowd loaded down with baggage. The bridegroom, his friends, and his relatives were on their way to meet the bride's party. They were heavily armed and were playing musical instruments and drums. ⁴⁰ The Jews attacked from their ambush and killed many of them; the rest escaped into the mountains, while the Jews carried off all their possessions. ⁴¹ So the wedding was turned into a time of mourning and their joyful music into funeral songs. ⁴² Jonathan and Simon had taken full revenge for the death of their brother, and they returned to the marshes along the Jordan. ⁴³ Bacchides heard about this and arrived on the Sabbath at the banks of the Jordan with a large army. ⁴⁴ Jonathan said to his men, “Now we must fight for our lives. We are in a worse situation than we have ever been in before. ⁴⁵ The enemy is in front of us, the river is behind us, and marshes and thickets are on both sides of us; there is no way out. ⁴⁶ So pray now for the Lord to save us from our enemies.” ⁴⁷ The battle began and Jonathan and his men were just about to kill Bacchides, when he escaped to the rear of the army. ⁴⁸ So Jonathan and his men jumped into the Jordan and swam to the other side to escape, and the Syrian army did not cross the river to follow them. ⁴⁹ That day Bacchides lost about 1,000 men. ⁵⁰ After Bacchides returned to Jerusalem, the Syrians built fortifications with high walls and barred gates for a number of towns in Judea: Emmaus, Beth Horon, Bethel, Timnath, Pirathon, Tephon, and the fortress in Jericho. ⁵¹ In all of these he placed troops to harass the Jews. ^* ⁵² He also strengthened the fortifications of the towns of Bethzur and Gezer and of the fort in Jerusalem. He placed army units in them and stored up supplies there. ⁵³ Then he took the sons of the leading men of the country as hostages and imprisoned them in the fort.

Jonathan Supports Antiochus the Sixth

⁵⁴ In the second month of the year 153, the High Priest Alcimus ordered that the wall of the inner court of the Temple be torn down. This would have destroyed what the prophets had accomplished; but just as the work began, ⁵⁵ he had a stroke, and work was stopped. Paralyzed and unable to open his mouth, he could not speak or even make a will for his family. ⁵⁶ He died in great torment. ⁵⁷ When Bacchides learned that Alcimus was dead, he returned to King Demetrius, and the land of Judea had peace for two years. ⁵⁸ Then all the renegades got together and said, “Look, Jonathan and his men are living in peace and security. If we bring Bacchides here now, he can capture them all in a single night.” ⁵⁹ They went to discuss the matter with Bacchides, ⁶⁰ and he set out with a large army. He sent secret letters to all his allies in Judea, asking them to seize Jonathan and his men. But they were not able to do so because the plot was discovered. ⁶¹ Jonathan and his men captured 50 of the traitorous leaders who had been involved in the plot and put them to death. ⁶² Then Jonathan, Simon, and their forces withdrew to Bethbasi in the wilderness. They rebuilt the fallen fortifications and strengthened the town's defenses. ⁶³ When Bacchides learned about all this, he got his whole army together and alerted his supporters in Judea. ⁶⁴ He attacked Bethbasi from all sides and built siege platforms. After the battle had gone on for a long time, ⁶⁵ Jonathan slipped out into the country with a small body of men and left his brother Simon in charge of the town. ⁶⁶ Jonathan defeated Odomera and his people, and then attacked and destroyed the Phasirite camp. Once defeated, they joined Jonathan and advanced with him in his attack against Bacchides.

Jonathan's Victory over Apollonius

⁶⁷ At the same time, Simon and his men rushed from the town and burned the siege platforms. ⁶⁸ In the battle Bacchides was pressed so hard that all his plans came to nothing, and he was defeated. ⁶⁹ He was so furious with the traitorous Jews who had urged him to come to Judea that he put many of them to death. Then Bacchides decided to return to his own country, ⁷⁰ but when Jonathan learned of this, he sent ambassadors to Bacchides to arrange for peace terms and the return of Jewish prisoners. ⁷¹ Bacchides agreed to do as Jonathan asked and gave him his solemn promise that he would let him live in peace the rest of his life. ⁷² Bacchides handed over the prisoners and returned to his own country. Never again did he come into Jewish territory. ⁷³ War came to an end in Israel. Jonathan settled in Michmash and began to govern the people and to eliminate the renegade Jews from Israel.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ In the year 160, Alexander Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the Fourth, landed at Ptolemais and captured it. The people welcomed him as their king. ² When King Demetrius heard of it, he gathered a large army and went out to meet him in battle. ³ At that time Demetrius sent Jonathan a friendly letter full of flattery, ⁴ in the hope of winning Jonathan over to his side and making peace with the Jews before Alexander made a treaty with them against him. ⁵ Demetrius thought that Jonathan would certainly remember all the wrongs he had done to him, his brothers, and the entire Jewish nation. ⁶ And so Demetrius made Jonathan his ally and gave him authority to raise an army and equip it. He also ordered that the hostages held in the fort at Jerusalem should be handed over to Jonathan. ⁷ So Jonathan went to Jerusalem and read the letter to all the people and to the men in the fort. ⁸ These men were terrified when they learned that the king had given Jonathan authority to raise an army. ⁹ They handed the hostages over to him, and he returned them to their parents. ¹⁰ Jonathan set up headquarters in Jerusalem and began to rebuild and restore the city.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ He ordered the builders to use squared stones for the city walls and for the protecting wall around Mount Zion. This was done. ¹² The foreigners deserted the fortresses that Bacchides had built; ¹³ each man left his post and returned to his own country. ¹⁴ But some of the Jews who had abandoned the Law of Moses and its commands were still left in Bethzur, which served as their last place of refuge. ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ King Alexander learned of the promises Demetrius had made to Jonathan and he also learned about Jonathan himself, about the battles he had fought, his courageous deeds, and the troubles he and his brothers had endured. ¹⁶ He was certain that he would never find another man like Jonathan and so decided to make him his friend and ally. ¹⁷ He wrote Jonathan a letter:

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ “King Alexander to his friend Jonathan, greetings. ¹⁹ I have heard that you are a brave man who has earned the right to be a friend of the king.

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ I have this day appointed you as High Priest of your nation and conferred upon you the title of ‘Friend of the King.’ You are to be our ally and give us your support.” He also sent him a royal robe and a gold crown. ²¹ Jonathan put on the robes of the High Priest in the seventh month of the year 160 at the Festival of Shelters. He raised an army and stored up a large supply of weapons.

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² When Demetrius heard this, he was distressed and said,

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ “How did we manage to let Alexander get ahead of us? He has strengthened his position by making an alliance with the Jews.

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ I also will write them a friendly letter offering high positions and gifts, so that they will support me.”

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ He wrote: ²⁶ We are delighted to learn that you have kept your obligations under our treaty, remained loyal to us, and have not gone over to the side of our enemies. ²⁷ Now if you continue to remain loyal to us, we will reward you well. ²⁸ We will grant you exemptions from many taxes and allow you other privileges. ²⁹ I hereby grant all the Jewish people release and exemption from payment of regular taxes, salt taxes, and other special taxes. ³⁰ Furthermore, from this day I release you from your obligation to pay me one third of the grain harvest and one half of the fruit harvest. From now on I will not demand these payments from Judea or from the three districts that have been added to Judea from Samaria and Galilee. ³¹ Jerusalem and its surrounding territory is to be recognized as a holy city and to be exempt from the payment of all taxes.

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² I also give up my authority over the fort in Jerusalem and place it under the High Priest, who may station there anyone he wishes to guard it. ³³ I freely grant release to all Jews who are prisoners of war anywhere in my kingdom. All of them will be exempt from taxes, even on their cattle. ³⁴ No taxes shall be collected from any Jew anywhere in my kingdom on Sabbaths, New Moon Festivals, and other holy days. Furthermore, no taxes shall be collected three days before or after the major holy days. ³⁵ No one has the right on any of these days to demand payment or to trouble you in any way. ³⁶ “Jews may be enlisted in the royal army up to a total of 30,000 men, and they will receive the same pay as other royal troops.

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ Some of them may be stationed in the great royal fortresses, and others assigned to responsible positions in the government. They shall have Jews as their leaders and officers, and they shall be allowed to follow their own laws and customs, just as the king has permitted for the people of Judea.

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ “The three districts added to Judea from the territory of Samaria will be completely incorporated into Judea and placed under the authority of the High Priest alone.

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ I give to the Temple in Jerusalem for its operating expenses the revenues from the city of Ptolemais and the lands belonging to it. ⁴⁰ I also promise to make an annual gift of 15,000 silver coins from appropriate accounts within the royal treasury. ⁴¹ The total accumulated state subsidy, which we have failed to pay in recent years, shall be paid, and the payments continued from now on for the work of the Temple. ⁴² In addition to this, we will no longer require the 5,000 silver coins annually from the Temple income. This money belongs to the priests serving in the Temple. ⁴³ Whoever owes a debt to the king or any other debt and takes refuge in the Temple in Jerusalem or in any area that belongs to it may not be arrested nor may his property anywhere in my kingdom be confiscated. ⁴⁴ The expenses for rebuilding and renovating the Temple shall be provided from the royal treasury. ⁴⁵ Likewise, the expenses for rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem and its surrounding fortifications, as well as the walls of designated towns in Judea, shall be provided from the royal treasury.” ⁴⁶ When Jonathan and the people heard the proposals made by King Demetrius, they refused to believe them or accept them, because they remembered how harshly he had treated them and what terrible troubles he had caused them. ⁴⁷ They preferred to give their allegiance to Alexander because he had been the first to open peace negotiations, and they remained his allies as long as he lived. ⁴⁸ King Alexander raised a large army and took up battle positions facing Demetrius. ⁴⁹ But when the armies of the two kings met in battle, the army of Alexander turned and ran. Demetrius pursued them and won the battle. ⁵⁰ Alexander fought bitterly until sundown, but Demetrius was killed that day. ⁵¹ Then Alexander sent ambassadors to King Ptolemy the Sixth of Egypt with this message: ^* ⁵² “I have returned to my kingdom and taken my seat on the throne of my ancestors. I have taken over the government, and I am now in control of the country. ⁵³ I made war on Demetrius, defeated him and his army, and I have taken over his kingdom.

Jonathan Supports Antiochus the Sixth

⁵⁴ Now I am ready to make an alliance. Give me your daughter in marriage, and I will give both of you such gifts as you deserve.” ⁵⁵ King Ptolemy replied, “It was a great day when you returned to your country and took the throne of your ancestors. ⁵⁶ I agree to your proposals, but first meet me at Ptolemais. We can get acquainted there, and I will give you my daughter in marriage.” ⁵⁷ So in the year 162 Ptolemy and his daughter Cleopatra left Egypt and arrived at Ptolemais. ⁵⁸ King Alexander met them, and Ptolemy gave him his daughter in marriage. The wedding was celebrated there in Ptolemais with royal splendor. ⁵⁹ King Alexander wrote asking Jonathan to come to meet him. ⁶⁰ So Jonathan, in a show of splendor, went to Ptolemais and met the two kings. He presented them with gifts of silver and gold, and he also gave many gifts to the high officials who had accompanied them. Everyone was favorably impressed with him. ⁶¹ At the same time some traitorous Jews who wanted to make trouble for Jonathan made accusations against him, but King Alexander paid no attention to them. ⁶² He gave orders that Jonathan should be given royal robes to wear, ⁶³ and he honored him by letting him sit at his side. Alexander told his officers to take Jonathan into the center of the city and to announce that no one was to bring charges against him for any reason and no one was to cause him any kind of trouble. ⁶⁴ When his accusers saw the honors given to him, heard the announcement, and saw him clothed in royal robes, they all fled. ⁶⁵ The king further honored Jonathan by enrolling him in the First Order of the “Friends of the King” and by making him general and governor of his province. ⁶⁶ Jonathan returned to Jerusalem pleased and successful.

Jonathan's Victory over Apollonius

⁶⁷ In the year 165 Demetrius the Second, the son of Demetrius the First, left Crete and arrived in Syria, the land of his ancestors. ⁶⁸ When King Alexander heard about this, he was worried and returned to Antioch, the capital of Syria. ⁶⁹ Demetrius reappointed Apollonius governor of Greater Syria. Apollonius raised a large army, set up camp near Jamnia, and sent the following message to Jonathan the High Priest: ⁷⁰ “Because of you I am being ridiculed, but why do you, there in your mountains, continue this rebellion when no one supports you? ⁷¹ If you really have any confidence in your army, come down here on the plain and fight, where we can test each other's strength. Study the situation, and you will find that I have the support of the forces from the cities. ⁷² You will learn who I am and who our allies are, and you will discover that you have no chance of standing against us. Your predecessors have already been beaten twice on their own ground; ⁷³ so how do you expect to defeat my cavalry and the kind of army I have here on the plain? Down here there is not so much as a pebble to hide behind and no way to escape.” ⁷⁴ When Jonathan received this message from Apollonius, he became angry. He took 10,000 elite troops from Jerusalem; his brother Simon also brought troops, and their two forces ⁷⁵ set up camp outside of Joppa. The men of the city refused to let them in because there was a detachment of Apollonius' troops there, but Jonathan attacked, ⁷⁶ and the men in the city became so frightened that they opened the gates, allowing Jonathan to capture Joppa. ⁷⁷ When Apollonius heard what had happened, he took 3,000 cavalry and a large army of infantry and pretended to retreat south toward Azotus. However, relying upon the strength of his cavalry, he marched into the plain with his main force, ⁷⁸ -79 positioning 1,000 cavalry where they could attack Jonathan's forces from the rear. Jonathan continued his pursuit as far as Azotus, where the two armies met in battle. ⁸⁰ Not until then did Jonathan realize that he was caught in an ambush. His army was surrounded, and enemy arrows rained down on them from morning until evening. ⁸¹ But Jonathan's men stood firm, as he had ordered, and the attacking cavalry grew tired. ⁸² Then, when the cavalry was exhausted, Simon appeared on the scene with his forces and attacked and overwhelmed the enemy infantry, who broke ranks and fled. ⁸³ The cavalry, which by now was scattered all over the battlefield, fled to Azotus, where they took refuge in the temple of Dagon, their god. ⁸⁴ But Jonathan set fire to the city and to the temple of Dagon, burning to death all those who had taken refuge there. Then he set fire to the surrounding towns and looted them. ⁸⁵ That day about 8,000 were either killed in the battle or burned to death. ⁸⁶ Jonathan left and set up camp at Ascalon, where the people of the city came out to welcome him with great honors. ⁸⁷ Jonathan and his men returned to Jerusalem with large quantities of loot. ⁸⁸ When King Alexander heard what Jonathan had done, he gave him even greater honors. ⁸⁹ He sent him a gold shoulder buckle, which is given only to those honored with the title “Relative of the King.” He also gave him the city of Ekron and its surrounding territory.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ King Ptolemy the Sixth of Egypt assembled an army of soldiers more numerous than the grains of sand along the seashore, and he also gathered a great fleet of ships. He intended to trap Alexander, take his kingdom, and add it to his own, ² so he went to Syria with promises of peace, and the citizens opened their gates to him and welcomed him. King Alexander had ordered them to do this because Ptolemy was his father-in-law. ³ But as Ptolemy moved north, he stationed a detachment of troops in each town. ⁴ When he reached Azotus, the people there showed him the burned ruins of the temple of Dagon and all the destruction in the city and the surrounding towns. There were corpses everywhere. The bodies of the men Jonathan had burned to death during the battle were now stacked up along Ptolemy's route. ⁵ The people told him what Jonathan had done, hoping that he would hold him responsible, but Ptolemy said nothing. ⁶ Jonathan, with all the proper ceremony, went to Joppa to meet him. They exchanged greetings and spent the night there. ⁷ Jonathan accompanied him as far as the Eleutherus River before returning to Jerusalem. ⁸ In this way King Ptolemy, in his plot against Alexander, took control of the towns along the coast as far north as Seleucia-by-the-sea. ⁹ From there King Ptolemy sent this message to King Demetrius: “Let's make a treaty. My daughter is now Alexander's wife, but I will take her back and give her to you and let you rule over your father's kingdom. ¹⁰ I regret that I ever gave her to Alexander, because he has tried to kill me.”

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ Ptolemy made this accusation against Alexander because he wanted to take over his kingdom. ¹² So he took his daughter away from Alexander and gave her to Demetrius; he broke off all relations with Alexander, and they became open enemies. ¹³ Then Ptolemy entered Antioch and assumed the crown of Syria; so he wore both the crown of Egypt and the crown of Syria. ¹⁴ King Alexander was in Cilicia at the time because the people of that region were in a state of rebellion. ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ But when he heard what Ptolemy had done, he moved to attack him. Ptolemy met him with a large force and won a decisive victory. ¹⁶ While Ptolemy reached the peak of his power, Alexander fled to Arabia to find protection, ¹⁷ but an Arab named Zabdiel cut off his head and sent it to Ptolemy.

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ Two days later Ptolemy himself died, and the troops he had left in the fortresses were then killed by the local citizens. ¹⁹ So in the year 167 Demetrius the Second became king.

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ About that time Jonathan gathered the men of Judea to attack the fort in Jerusalem. They built many siege platforms to use in the attack. ²¹ But some traitorous Jews who hated their own nation went to King Demetrius the Second and told him that Jonathan was laying siege to the fort in Jerusalem.

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² When Demetrius heard this, he was furious and immediately moved his headquarters to Ptolemais. He wrote to Jonathan and ordered him to lift the siege and to meet him for a conference in Ptolemais without a moment's delay.

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ When Jonathan got the message, he gave orders for the siege to continue, and then chose some Jewish leaders and some priests to go with him. At the risk of his life,

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ he went to the king in Ptolemais, taking along robes, silver and gold, and many other gifts. He made a good impression on the king.

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ Although some lawless traitors of his own nation had made accusations against Jonathan, ²⁶ the king still treated him just as his predecessors had done. He honored him in the presence of all his advisers, ²⁷ and confirmed him as High Priest, restoring all his former honors and appointing him to the highest rank among the “Friends of the King.” ²⁸ Jonathan asked the king to release the territory of Judea and the three regions of Samaria from the payment of taxes, promising that if Demetrius would do that, he would pay him a lump sum of 22,000 pounds of silver. ²⁹ The king agreed and wrote a letter to Jonathan to confirm all this: ³⁰ “King Demetrius to King Jonathan and to the Jewish nation, greetings. ³¹ “For your information I am sending a copy of the letter I have written to the Honorable Lasthenes about you:

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² “ ‘King Demetrius to the Honorable Lasthenes, greetings. ³³ I have decided to grant the Jewish nation certain benefits because they are our loyal allies and keep their treaty obligations. ³⁴ I confirm their rights to the land of Judea and the three regions of Ephraim, Lydda, and Arimathea, which are hereby annexed to Judea from Samaria with all the lands belonging to them. This will be of benefit to everyone who goes to Jerusalem to offer sacrifice, since payments of the annual tax on produce and fruit from these lands will no longer be made to the king, but to the Temple. ³⁵ And I also grant them relief from the payment of revenues now due me from tithes, tolls, salt taxes, and special taxes. ³⁶ None of the provisions mentioned in this letter shall ever be canceled in the future.

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ “ ‘You are required to see that a complete copy of this decree is made and given to Jonathan, to be posted in a prominent place on the Temple hill.’”

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ When King Demetrius saw that the land was peaceful under his rule and there was no further resistance, he disbanded his whole army and sent everyone home, except the soldiers he had hired from the Greek islands. This made all the soldiers who had served under his predecessors hate him because they had lost their source of income.

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ One of Alexander's former supporters, Trypho, saw that all the soldiers were complaining about Demetrius, so he went to Imalkue, the Arab who was responsible for bringing up Alexander's young son Antiochus. ⁴⁰ Trypho stayed there for a long time and kept urging Imalkue to hand the boy over to him, so that he could make him king in place of his father. He also told Imalkue about the decrees of Demetrius and how the soldiers hated him. ⁴¹ Jonathan sent a message to King Demetrius asking him to remove his troops from the fort in Jerusalem and from the fortresses in Judea, since they kept harassing the Jews. ⁴² Demetrius replied: “I will do what you request, and when the opportunity presents itself, I will bestow upon you and your nation the highest honors. ⁴³ But now you can help me by sending soldiers to fight for me, because all of my troops have revolted.” ⁴⁴ So Jonathan sent 3,000 trained soldiers to Antioch. The king was delighted when they arrived, ⁴⁵ because a mob of 120,000 had gathered in the city determined to kill him. ⁴⁶ But he escaped to the palace while the mob took control of the streets and began to riot. ⁴⁷ Then the king called on the Jewish soldiers for help, and they all rushed to his aid. They went through the whole city and killed at least 100,000 people. ⁴⁸ They saved the king's life, but they plundered and burned the city. ⁴⁹ When the people saw that the Jews had complete control of the city, they lost courage and appealed to the king, requesting ⁵⁰ him to arrange a truce and stop the Jewish attack. ⁵¹ The rebels threw down their arms and surrendered. The king and everyone in his kingdom now had great respect for the Jews, who returned to Jerusalem with a great deal of loot. ^* ⁵² Demetrius was firmly established as king, and the country was at peace under his rule, ⁵³ but he broke all his promises and turned against Jonathan. He did not reward him for his loyal service, but instead continued to harass him.

Jonathan Supports Antiochus the Sixth

⁵⁴ Some time later, Trypho returned with the young boy Antiochus and crowned him king. ⁵⁵ All the soldiers that Demetrius had dismissed then came to the support of the young king. They defeated Demetrius, and he fled. ⁵⁶ Trypho captured the elephants and took control of Antioch. ⁵⁷ The young King Antiochus wrote to Jonathan and confirmed him as High Priest and as ruler over the four regions and gave him the title “Friend of the King.” ⁵⁸ He sent him a set of gold tableware and authorized him to drink from gold cups, to wear a royal robe, and to wear the gold shoulder buckle awarded to “Relatives of the King.” ⁵⁹ He also appointed Jonathan's brother Simon as governor of the territory from the Phoenician coast to the Egyptian border. ⁶⁰ Jonathan then marched with his army through the towns of Greater Syria, and all the Syrian forces joined him as allies. He went to Ascalon, where the people welcomed him with great honors. ⁶¹ Then he went to Gaza, but the people there barred their gates against him. So he laid siege to the city and burned and looted the surrounding area. ⁶² The people of Gaza then asked for peace, and Jonathan arranged a truce. He took the sons of the leaders and sent them to Jerusalem as hostages. After that he marched on as far as Damascus. ⁶³ Jonathan learned that the officers of Demetrius had come to Kedesh in Galilee with a large army, intending to keep him from carrying out his plan. ⁶⁴ So he left his brother Simon in Judea and set out to meet them in battle. ⁶⁵ Then Simon laid siege to Bethzur and fought against it for a long time. ⁶⁶ The people asked for peace terms, and Simon agreed. He then took over the town, drove the people out, and stationed a detachment of troops there.

Jonathan's Victory over Apollonius

⁶⁷ Jonathan and his army set up camp by Lake Galilee. Early the next morning he marched his troops to the plain of Hazor, ⁶⁸ where the main force of the foreign army was advancing to meet him. Unknown to Jonathan, they had left a detachment of troops in ambush in the mountains, ⁶⁹ and when the men in ambush came out and attacked, ⁷⁰ Jonathan's entire army turned and ran. No one was left, except two officers, Mattathias son of Absalom and Judas son of Chalphi. ⁷¹ Jonathan was humiliated, so he tore his clothes, threw dust on his head, and prayed. ⁷² Then he turned back to the battle, crushed the enemy, and put them to flight. ⁷³ When his own fleeing soldiers saw this, they turned back and joined him in pursuit. They chased the enemy all the way back to their camp at Kedesh and then took over the camp. ⁷⁴ At least 3,000 enemy soldiers were killed that day. Jonathan then returned to Jerusalem.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ When Jonathan saw that things were working out to his advantage, he chose ambassadors and sent them to Rome to confirm and renew friendship with the Romans. ² He also sent letters with a similar message to Sparta and other places. ³ The ambassadors went to Rome, where they were admitted to the Senate chamber, and reported that the High Priest Jonathan and the Jewish nation had sent them to renew the earlier ties of friendship and alliance with Rome. ⁴ The Romans provided them with letters to the authorities in each country through which they would pass, guaranteeing them safe conduct in their return to the land of Judea. ⁵ Here is a copy of the letter Jonathan wrote to the Spartans: ⁶ “Jonathan the High Priest, the national council of leaders, the priests, and the rest of the people of Judea, to our brothers in Sparta, greetings. ⁷ At an earlier time, your King Arius sent a letter to our High Priest Onias, stating that our two nations are related, as the attached copy shows. ⁸ Onias received your ambassador with full honors and acknowledged receipt of your letter, which declared our alliance and friendship. ⁹ And now, although we are not in need of such alliances, since we find our source of strength in the holy books we possess, ¹⁰ we have written to renew our ties of brotherhood and friendship with you. We do not wish to become total strangers, and it has now been many years since your last communication.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ Throughout the years we have taken every opportunity, on our festival days and other suitable days, to remember you when we have offered our sacrifices and made our prayers, as it is fitting and proper for brothers to do. ¹² We also are pleased that fame has come to you. ¹³ But we have had one series of troubles after another and have had to fight many wars, because we have been under constant attack by surrounding nations. ¹⁴ During this time of war, we did not wish to trouble you or our other allies and friends, ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ since we do have the help of the Lord, who has defeated our enemies and rescued us from them. ¹⁶ So we have chosen Numenius son of Antiochus together with Antipater son of Jason and sent them as ambassadors to Rome to renew our ties of friendship and alliance with the Romans. ¹⁷ We have also ordered them to go to you with our greetings and deliver this letter about the renewal of our ties of brotherhood.

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ And now we request an answer to this letter. ¹⁹ “The following is a copy of the earlier letter:

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ “ ‘King Arius of Sparta to Onias the High Priest, greetings. ²¹ We have found a document about the Spartans and the Jews indicating that we are related and that both of our nations are descended from Abraham.

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² Now that we have discovered this, please send us a report about your situation.

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ In reply, we will send you a letter indicating that we are willing to share our possessions, including cattle and property, if you will do the same. We have given orders to our ambassadors to give you a full report about these matters.’”

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ Jonathan learned that the officers of Demetrius had returned to attack him with an even larger army than before.

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ Jonathan did not want to give them an opportunity to penetrate his own territory, so he left Jerusalem and went to meet them in the region of Hamath. ²⁶ Jonathan sent spies into the enemy camp, who reported to him that the enemy forces were making plans to attack the Jews by night. ²⁷ At sunset Jonathan ordered all his soldiers to be on the alert and to have their weapons ready for a surprise attack any time during the night. He also stationed guards all around the camp. ²⁸ When the enemy soldiers learned that Jonathan and his men were ready for battle, they were panic-stricken and fled, leaving their campfires burning. ²⁹ Jonathan and his men saw the campfires but did not realize what had happened until the next morning. ³⁰ Jonathan then set out after them, but he could not overtake them because they had already crossed the Eleutherus River. ³¹ Then Jonathan turned aside and attacked a tribe of Arabs called Zabadeans. He defeated them and plundered their possessions.

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² Then he broke camp and went to Damascus, inspecting the entire area along the way. ³³ Meanwhile, Simon had also set out on a campaign and had advanced as far as Ascalon and the neighboring fortresses. Then he turned aside to Joppa ³⁴ and stationed a detachment of soldiers there because he had heard that the people were planning to hand over the fortress of Joppa to the soldiers of Demetrius. ³⁵ When Jonathan returned, he called the council of the leaders together and made plans with them to build fortresses in Judea, ³⁶ to increase the height of the walls of Jerusalem, and to build a high wall to separate the fort from the city. This would isolate the fort, making it impossible for the enemy to buy or sell anything.

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ The people worked together to strengthen the city's defenses because a part of the east wall along the Kidron Valley had collapsed and the Chaphenatha section was in need of repair.

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ Simon also rebuilt the town of Adida in the foothills. He fortified it and constructed barred gates for it.

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ Then Trypho plotted a rebellion against King Antiochus so that he could make himself king of Syria. ⁴⁰ He was afraid, however, that Jonathan would not agree to this and would go to war against him to prevent it. So Trypho got his army ready and went to Beth Shan in the hope of capturing Jonathan and putting him to death. ⁴¹ But Jonathan also came to Beth Shan with 40,000 well-trained soldiers. ⁴² When Trypho saw how large an army Jonathan had brought with him, he was afraid to take action. ⁴³ So he received Jonathan with all honors, presented him to all his advisers, gave him gifts, and ordered his advisers and soldiers to obey Jonathan as they would him. ⁴⁴ He asked Jonathan, “Why have you put these soldiers to so much trouble when we are not at war? ⁴⁵ Why don't you send them home? Choose a few men to stay with you, and then accompany me to Ptolemais. I will hand the city over to you, as well as the rest of the fortresses, the troops, and all the officials. Then I will turn around and leave. In fact, that's why I am here.” ⁴⁶ Jonathan believed him, and following his advice, sent his soldiers back to Judea. ⁴⁷ He took 3,000 men with him, but left 2,000 of them in Galilee, while only 1,000 accompanied him the rest of the way. ⁴⁸ But when Jonathan entered Ptolemais, the people of the city locked the gates, arrested him, and killed everyone who had come with him. ⁴⁹ Trypho sent infantry and cavalry units to Galilee and Jezreel Valley to kill the rest of Jonathan's soldiers. ⁵⁰ The Jewish troops thought that Jonathan had been captured and killed, along with all those who had accompanied him, so they encouraged one another and marched out in battle formation. ⁵¹ When the approaching enemy forces saw that the Jews were ready to fight for their lives, they turned back. ^* ⁵² Then the Jewish soldiers returned to Judea safely, but terribly afraid. The whole nation was in deep mourning, assuming that Jonathan and all his men had been killed. ⁵³ All the surrounding nations now tried to destroy them. They thought that the Jews had no leaders or allies and that the time was ripe to annihilate them and put an end to their history.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ Simon learned that Trypho had assembled a large army and that he had plans to invade Judea and devastate it. ² He realized that this news had brought panic and fear to the people, so he went to Jerusalem, called the people together, ³ and tried to encourage them by saying, “You know how much my father's family, my brothers, and I have done for the sake of the Law of Moses and the Temple. You also know about the wars we have fought and the troubles we have had. ⁴ All my brothers have been killed fighting for our Law, our Temple, and our nation, and I am the only one left. ⁵ But never let it be said that I tried to save my own life in a time of danger; I do not consider myself better than my brothers. ⁶ Not in the least! It is true that in their hatred all the Gentile nations have gathered together to destroy us, but I will fight to defend my nation, the Temple, and your loved ones.” ⁷ These words immediately revived the morale of the people, ⁸ and they answered with a loud shout, “You are now our leader in place of your brothers Judas and Jonathan. ⁹ Fight our wars, and we will do whatever you ask.” ¹⁰ So Simon gathered together all the soldiers and hurried to complete the walls of Jerusalem and to strengthen all its defenses.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ He sent Jonathan son of Absalom to Joppa with a large army. This Jonathan drove out the people who were there and occupied the town. ¹² Trypho left Ptolemais with a large army to invade Judea, taking Simon's brother Jonathan along with him as a prisoner. ¹³ Simon set up camp at Adida at the edge of the plain. ¹⁴ When Trypho learned that Simon had succeeded his brother Jonathan and that he was ready to meet him in battle, he sent this message to him: ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ “I am holding your brother Jonathan under arrest because while he was in office he did not pay his debts to the royal treasury. ¹⁶ However, I will release him if you will pay me 6,000 pounds of silver and send two of his sons as hostages to guarantee that he will not revolt against us when he is released.” ¹⁷ Although Simon knew that they were deceiving him, he sent for the money and the two sons because he did not want to arouse the hostility of the Jews.

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ He was afraid that they might later say that Jonathan was put to death because Simon would not send the money and the boys. ¹⁹ So he did as Trypho had demanded, but Trypho broke his promise and did not release Jonathan.

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ Then Trypho made his move to invade the land and destroy it, circling around by the road to Adora. But Simon and his army moved along facing him wherever he went. ²¹ The enemy soldiers in the fort in Jerusalem kept sending messengers to Trypho urging him to come to them quickly by way of the desert and to send them supplies.

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² Trypho got all his cavalry ready for the invasion, but that night there was a heavy snowstorm, and he was not able to move up into the hills. So he withdrew and went into Gilead.

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ When he was near Baskama, he had Jonathan put to death and his body buried there.

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ Then Trypho turned and went back to his own country.

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ Simon had the body of his brother Jonathan brought to Modein, to be buried in the town of their ancestors. ²⁶ Everyone in Israel was in deep sorrow at the loss of Jonathan, and they mourned for him a long time. ²⁷ Over the tomb of his father and his brothers Simon built a high monument that could be seen from a great distance. It was covered front and back with polished stone. ²⁸ He constructed seven pyramids side by side for his father, his mother, and his four brothers. ²⁹ For the pyramids he created a setting of tall columns on which there were carvings. Some of these carvings were of suits of armor and some were of ships. It was a monument to their victories, which travelers from overseas could visit. ³⁰ The tomb which he built in Modein is still there today. ³¹ Meanwhile, Trypho assassinated the young king, Antiochus the Sixth,

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² and took over his kingdom in Syria. He brought that country great troubles. ³³ Simon rebuilt the fortresses of Judea with high towers, strong walls, and barred gates; then he placed stores of supplies there. ³⁴ He sent ambassadors to King Demetrius the Second to ask for tax relief for the land, since Trypho was doing nothing but robbing them. ³⁵ King Demetrius sent the following letter in reply: ³⁶ “King Demetrius to the High Priest Simon, the friend of kings, to the Jewish nation, and to their leaders, greetings.

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ I have received the gold crown and the gold palm branch which you sent, and I am prepared to make a peace treaty with you and to instruct our tax officials to grant you exemptions.

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ Our previous agreements with you are confirmed, and the fortresses which you have built are to remain yours.

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ I grant you pardon for treaty violations committed up to the present date, and I release you from payment of the special tax still due and any other taxes that have been collected up to this time in Jerusalem. ⁴⁰ All Jews who are qualified may enroll in the royal service. Let us have peace.” ⁴¹ So in the year 170 the yoke of the Gentile oppressors was removed from the Jews. ⁴² People began to date their documents and contracts with these words: “In the first year of Simon, the great High Priest, commander and leader of the Jews.” ⁴³ At that time Simon laid siege to Gezer and surrounded it with his army. He built a movable siege platform, brought it up to the town wall, attacked one of the towers, and captured it. ⁴⁴ The men who had been on the siege platform then moved rapidly into the town, and this created great confusion. ⁴⁵ The men of the town, their wives, and their children tore their clothes in distress and climbed up on the top of the town wall. They pleaded loudly with Simon for a truce. ⁴⁶ “Have mercy on us,” they begged. “Don't punish us as we deserve!” ⁴⁷ So Simon came to terms with them and ended the fighting. He made the people leave the town; then he purified the houses in which there had been idols. When that was done, he and his men entered the town singing hymns and songs of praise. ⁴⁸ He eliminated everything that would make the town ritually unclean and settled it with people who would obey every command contained in the Law of Moses. He strengthened the defenses of the town and built himself a palace there. ⁴⁹ Those in the fort in Jerusalem were now prevented from leaving to buy or sell anything. They were suffering from severe hunger and many of them had died of starvation. ⁵⁰ Finally they appealed to Simon for a truce. He agreed, removed them from the fort, and purified it. ⁵¹ On the twenty-third day of the second month, in the year 171, there was a great celebration in the city because this terrible threat to the security of Israel had come to an end. Simon and his men entered the fort singing hymns of praise and thanksgiving, while carrying palm branches and playing harps, cymbals, and lyres. ^* ⁵² Simon issued a decree that the day should be joyfully celebrated every year. He strengthened the defenses of the Temple hill on the side facing the fort, and he and his men made their headquarters there. ⁵³ Simon's son John was now a grown man, so Simon made him commander of the whole army, and John set up headquarters at Gezer.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ In the year 172 King Demetrius the Second gathered his army and went to Media to seek additional help for his war against Trypho. ² When King Arsaces the Sixth of Persia and Media heard that Demetrius had entered his territory, he sent one of his commanders with some troops to capture Demetrius alive. ³ They attacked and defeated the army of Demetrius, took him captive, and brought him back to King Arsaces, who threw him in prison. ⁴ The land of Judea was at peace as long as Simon lived. During his entire reign, he used his position of power and influence to do what was good for his people, and they were always pleased with him as their ruler. ⁵ He added to his reputation when he captured the port of Joppa and opened up the route to the Greek islands. ⁶ He not only enlarged the territory of his nation and gained control of the whole country, ⁷ but he brought back many prisoners of war and captured Gezer, Bethzur, and the fort in Jerusalem. He purified the fort, and there was no one to oppose him. ⁸ The Jews farmed their land in peace; the land produced its crops and the trees bore fruit. ⁹ The young men showed off their splendid military uniforms, while the old men sat around the city squares and talked about the great things that had happened. ¹⁰ Simon supplied the cities with food and provided them with weapons of defense. His fame spread everywhere.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ He brought peace to the country, and Israel's joy knew no bounds. ¹² Everyone lived in peace among his own grapevines and fig trees, and no one made them afraid. ¹³ In those days all the enemy kings had been defeated, and there was no one left in the land to fight the Jews. ¹⁴ Simon provided help for all the poor among his people, and guided by the Law of Moses, he eliminated all wicked and lawless men. ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ He provided the Temple with splendid furnishings and added a large number of utensils for use in worship. ¹⁶ When the news that Jonathan had died reached Rome and Sparta, it brought great sorrow. ¹⁷ But when the Spartans heard that Simon had succeeded his brother as High Priest and that he was in control of the country and its towns,

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ they engraved on bronze tablets a renewal of the treaty of friendship which they had made with his brothers Judas and Jonathan and sent the tablets to him. ¹⁹ These were read to the assembly in Jerusalem.

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ What follows is a copy of the letter sent by the Spartans: ²¹ The delegation that you sent to our people has told us how respected and renowned you are. Their visit has been a source of joy for us,

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² and a report of their visit has been written down in our public records, as follows: ‘Numenius son of Antiochus and Antipater son of Jason, honored representatives of the Jews, appeared before us to renew their treaty of friendship.

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ The assembly of the people was pleased to receive these men with all honors and to place a copy of their report in the public archives, so that the people of Sparta may have it on record. A copy of this document has been made for the High Priest Simon.’”

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ Later, Simon sent Numenius to Rome with the gift of a large gold shield weighing half a ton, to confirm the Jews' alliance with the Romans.

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ When the people of Israel heard about all this, they asked themselves, “How can we express our thanks to Simon and his sons? ²⁶ He, his brothers, and his father's whole family have been towers of strength for our nation. They have fought off our enemies and set the nation free.” So they recorded this on bronze tablets and set them up on columns on Mount Zion. ²⁷ The inscription read as follows: ²⁸ at a great assembly of priests, people, officials, and national leaders the following facts were made known to us: ²⁹ Often when wars broke out in the country, Simon son of Mattathias, a priest of the Jehoiarib family, and his brothers risked their lives in protecting our nation, our Temple, and our Law against our enemies. They have brought great glory to our nation. ³⁰ Jonathan united our people and became the High Priest before he died. ³¹ The enemies of the Jews plotted to invade the land and defile the Temple.

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² Then Simon assumed command and fought for his country. He spent a large amount of his own money to provide weapons and wages for his nation's armed forces. ³³ He fortified the towns of Judea, and especially Bethzur on the border, where enemy weapons had previously been stored. He stationed a detachment of soldiers there. ³⁴ He fortified the seaport of Joppa and the city of Gezer on the border of Azotus, which was previously occupied by enemy soldiers. He settled Jews there and provided the towns with everything that the people needed. ³⁵ When the people saw Simon's patriotism and how he wanted to bring glory to his nation, they made him their leader and High Priest. They did this because of all that he had accomplished through his loyalty and because he had brought about justice and had tried in every way to bring glory to his nation. ³⁶ “Under his leadership the Gentiles were driven out of the land. Enemy soldiers were forced out of the area north of the Temple, where they had built the fort, from which the soldiers used to go out and defile the holy Temple.

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ Simon settled Jews in the fort, strengthened it for the security of the country and the city of Jerusalem, and increased the height of the city walls.

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ As a result, King Demetrius confirmed him as High Priest,

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ gave him the title of “Friend of the King,” and treated him with great honor. ⁴⁰ Demetrius did this because he had heard that the Romans were calling the Jews their friends, allies, and brothers and that they had received Simon's delegation with full honors. ⁴¹ “Therefore, the Jews and their priests are happy to have Simon and his descendants as their leaders and High Priests, until a true prophet appears. ⁴² Simon shall govern their country, have charge of the Temple, and shall be their military commander. He shall be in charge of military supplies, fortifications, and public works. ⁴³ The people must obey him in everything. All government contracts shall be drawn up in his name. He shall have the right to wear royal robes with the gold shoulder buckle. ⁴⁴ “No one, priest or people, shall have the legal right to annul any of these decisions, to alter or change any of Simon's orders, to convene any assembly in the country without his permission, or to wear royal robes with the gold shoulder buckle. ⁴⁵ Anyone who disobeys or disregards these regulations shall be subject to punishment. ⁴⁶ “The people gave their unanimous approval to grant Simon the right to act in accordance with these regulations. ⁴⁷ Simon consented and agreed to be supreme leader: High Priest, commander of the armies, and governor of the Jews and the priests.” ⁴⁸ It was decided that this declaration should be engraved on bronze tablets and set up in a prominent place within the Temple area ⁴⁹ and that copies should be placed in the Temple treasury, where Simon and his sons would have access to them.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ From the Greek islands Antiochus son of King Demetrius wrote the following letter to Simon the High Priest and governor of the Jews and to the whole nation: ² “King Antiochus to Simon, the High Priest and governor, and to the Jewish nation, greetings. ³ As you know, the kingdom of my ancestors has been seized by traitors. I have decided to reclaim it and restore its former greatness. I have raised a large army of mercenary troops and have fitted out warships. ⁴ I plan to invade the land and to attack those who have destroyed many of the towns and ruined the country. ⁵ “Now therefore, I confirm all exemptions from taxes and payments granted you by former kings. ⁶ I authorize you to mint your own coins as legal currency in your own country. ⁷ Jerusalem and the Temple shall be free of taxation. All the weapons that you have manufactured and the defenses you have built and now occupy shall remain yours. ⁸ In addition, all debts now owed to the royal treasury, or which may in the future fall due, are permanently canceled. ⁹ As soon as I have regained control of my kingdom, I will confer upon you, your nation, and the Temple such great honors that the glory of your country will be evident to the whole world.” ¹⁰ In the year 174 Antiochus invaded the land of his ancestors. Most of the soldiers came over to his side, so that there were very few left with Trypho.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ Trypho, pursued by Antiochus, fled to the coastal city of Dor, ¹² realizing that he was in a desperate situation, now that all his troops had deserted him. ¹³ Then Antiochus laid siege to Dor with 120,000 well-trained soldiers and 8,000 cavalry. ¹⁴ With his ships joining the attack, he completely surrounded the town and brought such pressure on it that no one was able to enter or leave. ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ Meanwhile, Numenius and those with him arrived in Jerusalem from Rome with the following letter addressed to various kings and countries: ¹⁶ “From Lucius, consul of the Romans, to King Ptolemy, greetings. ¹⁷ A delegation from our friends and allies the Jews has come to us to renew the earlier treaty of friendship and alliance. They were sent by the High Priest Simon and the Jewish people,

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias

¹⁸ and they have brought as a gift a gold shield weighing half a ton. ¹⁹ So we have decided to write to various kings and countries urging them not to harm the Jews, their towns, or their country in any way. They must not make war against the Jews or give support to those who attack them.

Jonathan Wins the Favor of Demetrius the Second

²⁰ We have decided to accept the shield and grant them protection. ²¹ Therefore if any traitors escape from Judea and seek refuge in your land, hand them over to Simon the High Priest, so that he may punish them according to Jewish law.”

Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes

²² Lucius wrote the same letter to King Demetrius, to Attalus, Ariarathes, and Arsaces,

Jonathan Succeeds Judas

²³ and to all the following countries: Sampsames, Sparta, Delos, Myndos, Sicyon, Caria, Samos, Pamphylia, Lycia, Halicarnassus, Rhodes, Phaselis, Cos, Side, Aradus, Gortyna, Cnidus, Cyprus, and Cyrene.

Campaigns of Jonathan and Simon

²⁴ A copy of the letter was also sent to Simon the High Priest.

Antiochus the Seventh Breaks with Simon

²⁵ King Antiochus laid siege to Dor for a second time, keeping it under constant attack. He built siege platforms, and his blockade kept Trypho and his men from going in or out. ²⁶ Simon sent 2,000 well-trained soldiers to help Antiochus, as well as silver and gold and a great deal of equipment. ²⁷ But Antiochus refused to accept them, canceled all the previous agreements that he had made with Simon, and became his enemy. ²⁸ Then Antiochus sent his trusted official Athenobius to negotiate with Simon. He told Simon, “You are occupying Joppa, Gezer, and the fort in Jerusalem, cities that belong to my kingdom. ²⁹ You have devastated those regions and brought great trouble to the country. You have seized control of many places in my kingdom. ³⁰ Now you must hand back these cities that you have captured, and you must give me the tax money that you have taken from places that you occupied outside the territory of Judea. ³¹ If you are unwilling to do this, then you must pay me 30,000 pounds of silver, and 30,000 additional pounds of silver to compensate me for damages and for lost taxes. If you refuse to do either of these, we will go to war against you.”

The Campaigns of Jonathan

³² When Athenobius came to Jerusalem and saw the splendor of Simon's court, the gold and silver tableware in his banquet hall, and the rest of the display of great wealth, he was amazed. He delivered the king's message to Simon, ³³ and Simon answered, “We have never taken land away from other nations or confiscated anything that belonged to other people. On the contrary, we have simply taken back property that we inherited from our ancestors, land that had been unjustly taken away from us by our enemies at one time or another. ³⁴ We are now only making use of this opportunity to recover our ancestral heritage. ³⁵ As for Joppa and Gezer, which you claim, we will give you 6,000 pounds of silver, in spite of the fact that the people of those cities have done great harm to our nation.” Athenobius made no reply, ³⁶ but he returned to the king in a rage. When he told the king what Simon had said, and reported on the splendor of Simon's court and all that he had seen, the king became violently angry.

John's Victory over Cendebeus

³⁷ In the meantime, Trypho had boarded a ship and escaped to the town of Orthosia.

Jonathan Helps Demetrius the Second

³⁸ King Antiochus appointed Cendebeus as commander of the coastal area, provided him with infantry and cavalry,

Trypho Captures Jonathan

³⁹ and gave him orders to move against Judea. He also ordered him to rebuild the town of Kedron and fortify its gates, so that he could fight against the Jewish people. The king himself continued to pursue Trypho. ⁴⁰ Cendebeus then came to Jamnia and began to harass the Jews by invading Judea, capturing people, and murdering them. ⁴¹ He rebuilt Kedron and stationed some cavalry and infantry units there, so that they could make attacks and patrol the roads of Judea, as the king had ordered.

The Death of Antiochus the Fourth

The High Priest Alcimus and the Campaign of Nicanor

The Treaty with the Romans

The Death of Judas

Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest

The Fall of Alexander Epiphanes

Alliances with Rome and Sparta

Simon Leads the Jews

In Praise of Simon

Antiochus the Seventh Asks for Simon's Support

¹ Simon's son John left Gezer and went to report to his father what Cendebeus had done. ² Simon said to John and Judas, his two oldest sons, “All my father's family, my brothers, and I have fought Israel's battles all our lives, and many times we have been successful in saving Israel. ³ I am old now, but you, thanks to God, are in the prime of life. You must take my place and that of my brother in fighting for our nation. And may God himself be with you.” ⁴ Then John raised an Israelite army of 20,000 trained soldiers and cavalry and marched out against Cendebeus. They spent the night in Modein, ⁵ and then early the next morning they moved into the plain. There a large army of infantry and cavalry moved to meet them, but there was a river between the two armies. ⁶ John and his army took up battle positions facing the enemy, but when John saw that his soldiers were afraid to cross the river, he crossed ahead of them, and his men saw him and followed. ⁷ John divided his army and placed his cavalry in the middle of the infantry, because there was a large number of enemy cavalry. ⁸ The trumpets sounded the attack, and Cendebeus and his army were defeated, and many of them were killed. The rest ran back to their fortress at Kedron. ⁹ Judas was wounded in the battle, but his brother John continued to pursue the enemy as far as Kedron, which Cendebeus had rebuilt. ¹⁰ The escaping soldiers fled to the towers in the fields at Azotus, and John set fire to the city. On that day, 2,000 enemy soldiers were killed, and John returned safely to Judea.

The Murder of Simon and Two of His Sons

¹¹ Simon the High Priest had appointed Ptolemy son of Abubus commander for the Plain of Jericho. Ptolemy was very rich, ¹² because he was Simon's son-in-law. ¹³ But he became too ambitious and wanted to take over the country. So he devised a plan to assassinate Simon and his sons. ¹⁴ Simon, together with his sons Mattathias and Judas, was visiting the towns in the area, in order to take care of their needs. They arrived in Jericho in the month of Shebat, the eleventh month, in the year 177. ^*

Rome Supports the Jews

¹⁵ Ptolemy, still plotting to murder Simon and his two sons, received them in a small fortress called Dok, which he had built. He gave a great banquet for them, but he had men hidden within the fortress. ¹⁶ When Simon and his sons were drunk, Ptolemy and his men came out of hiding and with swords in hand rushed into the banquet hall, where they killed Simon, his two sons, and some of the servants. ¹⁷ With this horrible act of treachery, Ptolemy returned evil for good.

The Campaign of Antiochus the Fifth and Lysias